🏛️ 典故與文化背景
First Congregational Church(第一公理會)的雙關
公理會(Congregationalism)是新英格蘭主流的清教傳統教派,強調各「會眾(congregation)」自治。以實瑪利先用它的字面名號唬弄 Bildad,再把 congregation 一詞放大成「整個敬拜世界的第一公會眾」——玩的是「具體教派 vs 全人類信仰共同體」的文字遊戲。
ancient Catholic Church(古老的大公教會)
此處 catholic 是小寫本義「普世的、大公的」(希臘 katholikos「整體的」),非指羅馬天主教。以實瑪利主張一個超越宗派的「普世信仰」,差異不過是「無關宏旨的古怪偏執(queer crotchets)」——melville 的宗教普世主義宣言。
Father Mapple(馬普爾神父)
第 9 章 The Sermon 裡那位講約拿故事、震撼人心的捕鯨人出身牧師。法勒說以實瑪利的「講道」連馬普爾都比不過,是回扣前文的內部笑點。
Son of darkness(黑暗之子)/ Hittite(赫人)/ Philistine(非利士人)
Bildad 一連串聖經式稱呼,把魁魁格框成「異邦未信者」。赫人、非利士人都是舊約裡以色列人周邊的異族,常代指「上帝選民之外的人」。
Belial bondsman(彼列的奴僕)/ idol Bell(偶像彼勒)/ the dragon(巨龍)
Belial(彼列)在聖經中近乎「邪惡、無賴」的化身,後世等同撒旦;Bel(彼勒)是巴比倫主神,舊約裡的偶像代表(《彼勒與大龍》故事);dragon(龍)在《啟示錄》象徵撒旦。Bildad 把魁魁格的拜偶像,一股腦扣上聖經裡所有「偶像崇拜」的帽子。
The Latter Day Coming; or No Time to Lose(末日將臨;或刻不容緩)
melville 杜撰的勸世小冊書名,戲仿 19 世紀盛行的福音派 tract(傳教小冊)文化——標題誇張、急著催人悔改,正是 Bildad 那種焦慮虔誠的縮影。
wrath to come / the fiery pit(將臨的震怒/烈火之坑)
地獄與末日審判的標準意象(呼應第 17 章「地獄論」)。Bildad 的整段勸誡是清教「地獄火布道(fire-and-brimstone preaching)」的典型腔調。
lay(拆股分紅)與「第九十股」
延續第 16 章對捕鯨業分紅制的鋪陳——魚叉手是僅次於船長/大副的關鍵角色,魁魁格一叉定江山,換來破紀錄的高分紅(第 90 股,相對以實瑪利的第 300 股),凸顯「真本事=高股」的捕鯨江湖規則。
his X mark(他的 X 記號)的法律/文化意涵
舊時不識字者在契約上畫「✗」代簽名(旁人代寫姓名,本人按 mark),具法律效力。魁魁格畫的卻是手臂刺青的神秘圖案——一個「文盲野人」用身體上的符號,鄭重地進入「文明契約」體系,標題 His Mark 點出文明與野蠻、文字與身體之間的微妙交會。
📖 導讀
兩人走向裴廓德號途中,法勒船長從棚屋裡粗聲喊話:他沒料到以實瑪利的朋友是個「食人族」,而他這船不許食人族上船,除非先「出示證件(papers)」——意思是得證明已受洗皈依基督教。比勒達也探頭追問魁魁格「黑暗之子,你眼下與哪個基督教會有交通(communion)?」
以實瑪利急中生智,謊稱魁魁格是「第一公理會(First Congregational Church)」的成員、甚至是執事(deacon)。在比勒達步步逼問下,他索性發表一段巧妙的「布道」:他所謂的教會,是「你我、法勒、魁魁格、天下每一個母親的兒子都同屬的那個古老大公教會——整個敬拜世界永恆的『第一公會眾』;我們全屬於它,只不過有些人懷著些無關宏旨的古怪偏執罷了,在根本信仰上我們都攜手相連」。法勒大為折服:「我從沒聽過更好的講道,連馬普爾神父都比不過——上船吧,別管什麼證件了!」
接著魁魁格當場秀絕技:法勒問他可曾叉過鯨,他二話不說跳上小艇、指著水面一滴瀝青說「就當那是鯨的眼睛」,魚叉「咻」地擦過比勒達的寬邊帽、橫越甲板,正中瀝青點。法勒當即拍板給他「第九十股」——南塔克特給魚叉手前所未有的高分紅。
簽約時,法勒問「Quohog(他一直把 Queequeg 叫錯)會寫字嗎?簽名還是畫記號?」魁魁格不慌不忙,照著手臂上刺青那個古怪圓形圖案,在契約該簽的位置一筆不差地臨摹下來——於是文件上留下「Quohog. 他的 ✗ 記號」。比勒達則鄭重塞給他一本小冊《末日將臨;或刻不容緩》,握著他的手懇切勸他「莫永作彼列的奴僕、棄絕偶像、躲開那烈火之坑」;法勒卻打斷他:「別寵壞我們的魚叉手!虔誠的魚叉手成不了好水手——會把人身上的『鯊勁』抽光。」由此引出一段颱風回憶:當年裴廓德號在日本外海三桅盡折、險些沉沒,比勒達質問法勒「那時你難道沒想到死亡與審判?」法勒答得擲地有聲:「沒有!那時沒空想死。我和亞哈船長想的全是『活下去』——怎麼架應急桅、怎麼進最近的港。」比勒達無言,扣好外套上了甲板,安靜地看補帆,還不時彎腰撿起一塊補丁、一截瀝青繩頭,免得浪費。
重點
- 「出示證件」=皈依證明:用海事/官僚用語包裝宗教排他,melville 的反諷起手式。
- 以實瑪利的「大公教會」布道:把全人類劃進「同一個敬拜世界」,化解異教/基督的對立——全書宗教寬容主題的高光。
- 魁魁格的 X 記號:不識字的食人族,用刺青圖案當簽名——「野蠻」與「文明契約」的並置,標題所指。
- 一叉中瀝青點:無聲的實力宣示,勝過千言;換來破紀錄的「第九十股」。
- 颱風回憶 × 死亡與審判:法勒「活下去比想死重要」對比比勒達的虔誠說教——務實 vs 教條,並再次側寫亞哈。
📕 中英對照(逐句)
As we were walking down the end of the wharf towards the ship, Queequeg carrying his harpoon, Captain Peleg in his gruff voice loudly hailed us from his wigwam, saying he had not suspected my friend was a cannibal, and furthermore announcing that he let no cannibals on board that craft, unless they previously produced their papers.
我們沿著碼頭盡頭朝船走去,魁魁格扛著他的魚叉,法勒船長從他的棚屋裡粗聲粗氣地大聲招呼我們,說他沒料到我這朋友竟是個食人族,還宣布:他這船不准任何食人族上來,除非先出示他們的證件。
“What do you mean by that, Captain Peleg?” said I, now jumping on the bulwarks, and leaving my comrade standing on the wharf.
「您這話什麼意思,法勒船長?」我說著,跳上了舷牆,把我的夥伴留在碼頭上站著。
“I mean,” he replied, “he must show his papers.”
「我的意思是,」他答道,「他必須出示他的證件。」
“Yes,” said Captain Bildad in his hollow voice, sticking his head from behind Peleg’s, out of the wigwam. “He must show that he’s converted. Son of darkness,” he added, turning to Queequeg, “art thou at present in communion with any Christian church?”
「對,」比勒達船長用他那空洞的嗓音說,從法勒身後、棚屋裡探出頭來。「他必須證明他已皈依。黑暗之子,」他轉向魁魁格又道,「汝眼下與哪個基督教會有交通(同屬一信、共領聖餐)嗎?」
“Why,” said I, “he’s a member of the first Congregational Church.” Here be it said, that many tattooed savages sailing in Nantucket ships at last come to be converted into the churches.
「怎麼說呢,」我道,「他是第一公理會的成員。」這裡得交代一句:許多隨南塔克特船出海的刺青野人,最終都皈依進了教會。
“First Congregational Church,” cried Bildad, “what! that worships in Deacon Deuteronomy Coleman’s meeting-house?” and so saying, taking out his spectacles, he rubbed them with his great yellow bandana handkerchief, and putting them on very carefully, came out of the wigwam, and leaning stiffly over the bulwarks, took a good long look at Queequeg.
「第一公理會,」比勒達叫道,「什麼!就是在執事申命記·科爾曼的聚會堂裡敬拜的那個?」說著,他掏出眼鏡,拿他那條大黃花手帕擦了擦,又小心翼翼地戴上,走出棚屋,僵硬地探身在舷牆上,把魁魁格好好地、長長地打量了一番。
“How long hath he been a member?” he then said, turning to me; “not very long, I rather guess, young man.”
「他入會多久了?」他隨即轉向我說;「我猜啊,沒多久吧,年輕人。」
“No,” said Peleg, “and he hasn’t been baptized right either, or it would have washed some of that devil’s blue off his face.”
「沒多久,」法勒說,「而且他也沒好好受過洗,不然該把他臉上那股魔鬼的藍給洗掉一些了。」
“Do tell, now,” cried Bildad, “is this Philistine a regular member of Deacon Deuteronomy’s meeting? I never saw him going there, and I pass it every Lord’s day.”
「你倒說說看,」比勒達嚷道,「這非利士人當真是申命記執事聚會堂的正式成員?我從沒見他去過,可我每個主日都打那兒經過。」
“I don’t know anything about Deacon Deuteronomy or his meeting,” said I; “all I know is, that Queequeg here is a born member of the First Congregational Church. He is a deacon himself, Queequeg is.”
「申命記執事也好、他的聚會堂也好,我一概不知,」我說;「我只知道,這位魁魁格是第一公理會天生的成員。他自己就是個執事呢,魁魁格。」
“Young man,” said Bildad sternly, “thou art skylarking with me—explain thyself, thou young Hittite. What church dost thee mean? answer me.”
「年輕人,」比勒達嚴厲地說,「汝是在跟我胡鬧——把話說明白,你這年輕的赫人。汝指的是哪個教會?回答我。」
Finding myself thus hard pushed, I replied. “I mean, sir, the same ancient Catholic Church to which you and I, and Captain Peleg there, and Queequeg here, and all of us, and every mother’s son and soul of us belong; the great and everlasting First Congregation of this whole worshipping world; we all belong to that; only some of us cherish some queer crotchets no ways touching the grand belief; in that we all join hands.”
眼看被逼到這份上,我答道:「先生,我指的是那個古老的大公教會——您和我、那邊的法勒船長、這位魁魁格、我們所有人、我們每一個母親的兒子與靈魂,全都同屬於它;那是整個敬拜世界偉大而永恆的『第一公會眾』;我們全屬於它;只不過我們之中有些人懷著些古怪的偏執,無關乎那根本的信仰;在那根本信仰上,我們全都攜手相連。」
“Splice, thou mean’st splice hands,” cried Peleg, drawing nearer. “Young man, you’d better ship for a missionary, instead of a fore-mast hand; I never heard a better sermon. Deacon Deuteronomy—why Father Mapple himself couldn’t beat it, and he’s reckoned something. Come aboard, come aboard; never mind about the papers. I say, tell Quohog there—what’s that you call him? tell Quohog to step along. By the great anchor, what a harpoon he’s got there! looks like good stuff that; and he handles it about right. I say, Quohog, or whatever your name is, did you ever stand in the head of a whale-boat? did you ever strike a fish?”
「接繩,你是說把手接在一塊兒(攜手),」法勒湊近了喊道。「年輕人,你還不如受僱去當傳教士,別當什麼前桅水手;我從沒聽過更好的講道。申命記執事——嘿,連馬普爾神父本人都比不過,而他可是有點名望的呢。上船,上船吧;別管什麼證件了。我說,叫那邊那個 Quohog——你管他叫什麼來著?叫 Quohog 過來。憑那大錨起誓,瞧他那把魚叉!看著是好貨色;他使起來也挺地道。我說,Quohog,不管你叫什麼名字,你可曾站在捕鯨小艇的船頭過?可曾叉中過一條鯨?」
Without saying a word, Queequeg, in his wild sort of way, jumped upon the bulwarks, from thence into the bows of one of the whale-boats hanging to the side; and then bracing his left knee, and poising his harpoon, cried out in some such way as this:—
魁魁格一句話也沒說,以他那野性十足的派頭,跳上舷牆,又從那兒躍進掛在船舷邊的一艘捕鯨小艇的船頭;接著他撐穩左膝、把魚叉端平,大致這麼喊道:——
“Cap’ain, you see him small drop tar on water dere? You see him? well, spose him one whale eye, well, den!” and taking sharp aim at it, he darted the iron right over old Bildad’s broad brim, clean across the ship’s decks, and struck the glistening tar spot out of sight.
「船長,你看見那邊水上那一小滴瀝青沒有?你看見牠沒有?好,就當牠是一隻鯨的眼睛,好嘞,那麼!」說著他穩穩瞄準,把那柄鐵叉「咻」地擲出,正擦過老比勒達的寬邊帽頂,乾淨俐落地橫越整片甲板,把那閃亮的瀝青點打得無影無蹤。
“Now,” said Queequeg, quietly hauling in the line, “spos-ee him whale-e eye; why, dad whale dead.”
「這下,」魁魁格一邊靜靜地收回繩索,一邊說,「就當牠是鯨的眼睛嘛;那麼,那鯨就死啦。」
“Quick, Bildad,” said Peleg, his partner, who, aghast at the close vicinity of the flying harpoon, had retreated towards the cabin gangway. “Quick, I say, you Bildad, and get the ship’s papers. We must have Hedgehog there, I mean Quohog, in one of our boats. Look ye, Quohog, we’ll give ye the ninetieth lay, and that’s more than ever was given a harpooneer yet out of Nantucket.”
「快,比勒達,」他的搭檔法勒說——這人被那飛掠而過、近在咫尺的魚叉嚇得魂飛魄散,已退到了艙口的扶梯邊。「我說,快點,你比勒達,去把船上的契約文件拿來。我們非得讓那邊那位 Hedgehog(刺蝟)——我是說 Quohog——上我們的一條小艇不可。聽好,Quohog,我們給你『第九十股』,這可比南塔克特至今給過任何一個魚叉手的都還多。」
So down we went into the cabin, and to my great joy Queequeg was soon enrolled among the same ship’s company to which I myself belonged.
於是我們下到艙裡,令我大為高興的是,魁魁格很快就被編進了我自己所屬的同一批船員之中。
When all preliminaries were over and Peleg had got everything ready for signing, he turned to me and said, “I guess, Quohog there don’t know how to write, does he? I say, Quohog, blast ye! dost thou sign thy name or make thy mark?”
等一切前置手續辦妥、法勒把簽約的東西都備齊了,他轉向我說:「我猜那邊那位 Quohog 不會寫字吧,是吧?我說,Quohog,該死的!汝是簽名呢,還是畫個記號?」
But at this question, Queequeg, who had twice or thrice before taken part in similar ceremonies, looked no ways abashed; but taking the offered pen, copied upon the paper, in the proper place, an exact counterpart of a queer round figure which was tattooed upon his arm; so that through Captain Peleg’s obstinate mistake touching his appellative, it stood something like this:—
可面對這個問題,先前已參加過兩三回類似儀式的魁魁格,一點也不顯得忸怩;他接過遞來的筆,在紙上該簽的位置,一筆不差地臨摹下他手臂上刺著的一個古怪圓形圖案;於是,由於法勒船長在他的稱呼上犯的那個頑固錯誤,文件上看起來大致是這樣:——
Quohog. his X mark.
Quohog ﹒ 他的 ✗ 記號。
Meanwhile Captain Bildad sat earnestly and steadfastly eyeing Queequeg, and at last rising solemnly and fumbling in the huge pockets of his broad-skirted drab coat, took out a bundle of tracts, and selecting one entitled “The Latter Day Coming; or No Time to Lose,” placed it in Queequeg’s hands, and then grasping them and the book with both his, looked earnestly into his eyes, and said, “Son of darkness, I must do my duty by thee; I am part owner of this ship, and feel concerned for the souls of all its crew; if thou still clingest to thy Pagan ways, which I sadly fear, I beseech thee, remain not for aye a Belial bondsman. Spurn the idol Bell, and the hideous dragon; turn from the wrath to come; mind thine eye, I say; oh! goodness gracious! steer clear of the fiery pit!”
與此同時,比勒達船長一直懇切而堅定地盯著魁魁格看,最後他莊重地起身,在他那件寬擺土褐色外套的大口袋裡摸索,掏出一捆宗教小冊,挑了一本題為《末日將臨;或刻不容緩》的,放進魁魁格手裡,然後用雙手把魁魁格的手連同那本書一起握住,懇切地望進他眼裡,說:「黑暗之子,我必須對汝盡我的本分;我是這船的股東之一,掛念著全體船員的靈魂;倘若汝仍緊抓著汝那異教的舊習——我可悲地擔心正是如此——我懇求汝,莫要永遠做彼列的奴僕。棄絕那偶像彼勒、那可憎的巨龍;轉離那將臨的震怒;當心你的眼,我說;噢!我的老天爺啊!躲開那烈火之坑!」
Something of the salt sea yet lingered in old Bildad’s language, heterogeneously mixed with Scriptural and domestic phrases.
老比勒達的言談裡,仍殘留著幾分鹹澀的海味,雜七雜八地摻和著聖經辭句與家常用語。
“Avast there, avast there, Bildad, avast now spoiling our harpooneer,” cried Peleg. “Pious harpooneers never make good voyagers—it takes the shark out of ’em; no harpooneer is worth a straw who aint pretty sharkish. There was young Nat Swaine, once the bravest boat-header out of all Nantucket and the Vineyard; he joined the meeting, and never came to good. He got so frightened about his plaguy soul, that he shrinked and sheered away from whales, for fear of after-claps, in case he got stove and went to Davy Jones.”
「住口,住口,比勒達,別在那兒糟蹋我們的魚叉手了,」法勒嚷道。「虔誠的魚叉手永遠成不了好航海人——那會把他們身上的『鯊勁』抽光;一個魚叉手要是不夠『鯊』,就半文不值。從前有個年輕的納特·斯文,曾是全南塔克特和葡萄園島最勇猛的小艇指揮;他入了會,從此就沒成過器。他為他那條惹人厭的靈魂嚇得不行,竟畏畏縮縮、躲著鯨繞道走,就怕萬一小艇被撞破、自己沉進『戴維·瓊斯的箱底(海底)』後,會有什麼報應。」
“Peleg! Peleg!” said Bildad, lifting his eyes and hands, “thou thyself, as I myself, hast seen many a perilous time; thou knowest, Peleg, what it is to have the fear of death; how, then, can’st thou prate in this ungodly guise. Thou beliest thine own heart, Peleg. Tell me, when this same Pequod here had her three masts overboard in that typhoon on Japan, that same voyage when thou went mate with Captain Ahab, did’st thou not think of Death and the Judgment then?”
「法勒!法勒!」比勒達抬起眼、舉起雙手說,「汝自己,跟我一樣,經歷過多少凶險的時刻;汝知道,法勒,懷著對死亡的恐懼是什麼滋味;那麼,汝怎能擺出這副不敬神的樣子胡言亂語呢。汝這是違背汝自己的良心啊,法勒。告訴我,就是這艘裴廓德號,當年在日本外海那場颱風裡三根桅杆全折落了海——就是汝給亞哈船長當大副的那趟航程——那時汝難道沒想到死亡與審判嗎?」
“Hear him, hear him now,” cried Peleg, marching across the cabin, and thrusting his hands far down into his pockets,—“hear him, all of ye. Think of that! When every moment we thought the ship would sink! Death and the Judgment then? What? With all three masts making such an everlasting thundering against the side; and every sea breaking over us, fore and aft. Think of Death and the Judgment then? No! no time to think about Death then. Life was what Captain Ahab and I was thinking of; and how to save all hands—how to rig jury-masts—how to get into the nearest port; that was what I was thinking of.”
「聽聽他,聽聽他這話,」法勒嚷道,大步橫穿艙室,把兩手深深插進口袋裡,——「聽聽他,你們都聽聽。想想看那情形!我們每一刻都以為船要沉了!那時還想死亡與審判?什麼話?三根桅杆撞著船舷沒完沒了地轟響;每一道浪頭從船頭到船尾劈頭蓋臉砸下來。那時還想死亡與審判?沒有!那時沒空想死。我和亞哈船長想的是『活下去』;想的是怎麼救下全船人——怎麼架起應急桅——怎麼開進最近的港口;我那時想的就是這些。」
Bildad said no more, but buttoning up his coat, stalked on deck, where we followed him. There he stood, very quietly overlooking some sailmakers who were mending a top-sail in the waist. Now and then he stooped to pick up a patch, or save an end of tarred twine, which otherwise might have been wasted.
比勒達不再多言,只是扣好外套,昂首闊步上了甲板,我們也跟著上去。他站在那兒,靜靜地監看著幾個帆匠在船腰處修補一面上桅帆。他不時彎下腰去撿起一塊補丁、或攢起一截瀝青繩頭——那些東西若不撿,原是要白白浪費掉的。
📚 艱深單字/片語/句型(20)
1gruffKK [grʌf](adj.)(嗓音)粗啞的;(態度)粗魯生硬的
- 詞義:①聲音低沉沙啞(gruff voice);②態度唐突、不耐煩但未必真壞心(本章法勒的典型語氣)。
- 例句:He gave a gruff reply and walked off.(他粗聲應了一句就走開了。)/ Beneath his gruff manner he was very kind.(在他粗魯的外表下,其實人很好。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:源自中古荷蘭語 grof「粗糙的」。日常實用度 ★★★☆☆(描寫人物常用)。
- 同義詞常用度:brusque(55%,唐突)| curt(60%,簡慢)| surly(45%,чорна 慍怒)| hoarse(70%,嗓子啞,僅指聲音)。
- 詞性變化:gruffly(adv.)/ gruffness(n.)。
2cannibalKK [ˈkænəbl̩](n.)食人者;同類相食的動物
- 詞義:吃人肉的人(本章對魁魁格的稱呼),亦指吃同類的動物。
- 例句:The tribe was rumored to be cannibals.(傳聞那部族是食人族。)/ Some fish are cannibals.(有些魚會同類相食。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:源自 Caníbales(哥倫布對加勒比 Carib 人的稱呼)。日常實用度 ★★★☆☆。
- 同義詞常用度:man-eater(60%)| anthropophagite(5%,學術罕用)。
- 詞性變化:cannibalism(n. 食人/同類相食)/ cannibalize(v. 拆零件挪用;同類相食)/ cannibalistic(adj.)。
3convertedKK [kənˈvɝtɪd](adj.)已皈依的|convert(v.)使皈依;轉換
- 詞義:本章宗教義「改信、皈依」(show that he's converted);convert 也泛指「轉換」(convert dollars to euros)。
- 例句:a converted Christian(一個皈依的基督徒)/ The barn was converted into a house.(穀倉被改建成住宅。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:con-(完全)+ vertere(轉)。日常實用度 ★★★★★(轉換義極高頻)。
- 同義詞常用度:(皈依義)proselytized(20%)| (轉換義)transform(85%)| change(95%)| adapt(80%)。
- 詞性變化:convert(v./n. 皈依者)/ conversion(n.)。動詞時態:convert-converted-converted。
4communionKK [kəˈmjunjən](n.)(教會)相通、共融;聖餐禮;心靈交流
- 詞義:①基督徒同屬一信、共領聖餐的「教會交通」(本章 in communion with any Christian church);②聖餐禮(Holy Communion);③廣義的心靈契合(communion with nature)。
- 例句:She felt a deep communion with the natural world.(她感到與自然界深刻的契合。)/ to take Communion(領聖餐)。
- 詞源 × 實用度:拉丁 communio「共享」(同源 common)。日常實用度 ★★★☆☆。
- 同義詞常用度:fellowship(70%,團契/交誼)| rapport(60%,融洽)| intimacy(65%)。
- 詞性變化:commune(v. 心靈交流,commune with)/ communal(adj. 公共的)。
5deaconKK [ˈdikən](n.)執事(教會的一種神職/平信徒職務)
- 詞義:基督教會中協助牧師、管理事務或慈惠的職位(本章以實瑪利謊稱魁魁格是 deacon)。
- 例句:He served as a deacon in his church for ten years.(他在教會當了十年執事。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:希臘 diakonos「僕人、執事」。日常實用度 ★★☆☆☆(宗教專詞)。
- 同義詞常用度:minister(70%,神職泛稱)| elder(60%,長老)| churchwarden(25%,教堂管事)。
- 詞性變化:deaconess(n. 女執事)/ deaconry / diaconate(n. 執事職)。
6baptizeKK [bæpˈtaɪz](v.)施洗;給…命名(受洗時取教名)
- 詞義:基督教入教儀式「洗禮」(本章「沒好好受過洗」hasn't been baptized right);亦引申「正式命名」。
- 例句:The baby was baptized last Sunday.(嬰兒上週日受了洗。)/ He was baptized John.(他受洗時取名約翰。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:希臘 baptizein「浸入水中」。日常實用度 ★★★☆☆。
- 同義詞常用度:christen(55%,受洗命名)| name(90%,命名)| initiate(50%,引入/入會)。
- 詞性變化:baptism(n. 洗禮)/ baptismal(adj.)/ baptist(n. 施洗者,如 John the Baptist)。動詞時態:baptize-baptized-baptized。
7PhilistineKK [ˈfɪləˌstin](n.)①(聖經)非利士人;②(小寫)庸俗無文化的人
- 詞義:本章 Bildad 罵魁魁格 this Philistine,用的是聖經義「異邦人、敵對上帝子民者」。現代小寫 philistine 引申為「鄙視文化藝術的俗人」。
- 例句:He's a complete philistine—he's never read a novel.(他是個十足的俗人——從沒讀過一本小說。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:源自聖經中以色列人的宿敵 Philistines;18 世紀德國學界引申為「無文化的市儈」。日常實用度 ★★☆☆☆(文化批評常用)。
- 同義詞常用度:boor(30%,粗人)| lowbrow(45%,沒品味的)| barbarian(55%,野蠻人)。
- 詞性變化:philistinism(n. 庸俗、反智)。
8skylarkingKK [ˈskaɪˌlɑrkɪŋ](n./v.)嬉鬧;胡鬧;玩笑取樂
- 詞義:原為水手俚語——在桅杆索具間追逐玩耍;引申為「胡鬧、開玩笑、不正經」(本章 Bildad「汝是在跟我胡鬧」)。
- 例句:Stop skylarking and get back to work.(別鬧了,回去幹活。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:sky + lark(雲雀;嬉戲),水手語。日常實用度 ★★☆☆☆(略舊/英式)。
- 同義詞常用度:horsing around(70%,口語)| fooling around(80%)| larking about(50%,英式)| frolicking(40%)。
- 詞性變化:skylark(v.)。
9crotchetKK [ˈkrɑtʃɪt](n.)怪念頭;偏執的小主張;(英式音樂)四分音符
- 詞義:本章 queer crotchets 指「古怪的偏執想法、無關大局的成見」。英式音樂另指「四分音符」。
- 例句:He's full of odd crotchets about diet.(他對飲食滿是古怪的偏執主張。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:古法語 crochet「小鉤」(同源 crochet 鉤針編織)。日常實用度 ★☆☆☆☆(文雅/罕用)。
- 同義詞常用度:whim(70%,一時興起)| quirk(75%,怪癖)| caprice(35%,反覆無常)| fad(55%,一時風尚)。
- 詞性變化:crotchety(adj. 古怪易怒的,較常用)。
10spliceKK [splaɪs](v.)(把兩繩股)絞接、編接;拼接(影片/基因)
- 詞義:本義是把兩段繩子的繩股交織編接成一條(航海高頻);本章法勒打趣 splice hands「把手接在一塊兒」。引申到剪接影片、拼接基因。
- 例句:The sailor spliced the two ropes together.(水手把兩條繩編接起來。)/ to splice film / genes(剪接影片/拼接基因)。
- 詞源 × 實用度:中古荷蘭語 splissen。日常實用度 ★★★☆☆(影片/基因義現代常見);俚語 get spliced =「結婚」。
- 同義詞常用度:join(90%)| interweave(45%)| graft(50%,嫁接)| knit together(60%)。
- 詞性變化:splicing(n.)/ spliced(adj.)。動詞時態:splice-spliced-spliced。
11sermonKK [ˈsɝmən](n.)布道;講道;(貶)說教
- 詞義:①教會的講道(本章「我從沒聽過更好的講道」);②引申為冗長的道德訓誡(貶義)。
- 例句:The minister preached a moving sermon.(牧師講了一場動人的道。)/ Spare me the sermon.(少跟我說教。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:拉丁 sermo「談話、論說」。日常實用度 ★★★★☆。
- 同義詞常用度:homily(40%,講道/訓誡)| lecture(85%,訓話/講課)| preaching(70%)| address(75%,演說)。
- 詞性變化:sermonize(v. 說教,貶)/ sermonizer(n.)。
12abashedKK [əˈbæʃt](adj.)忸怩的;尷尬羞愧的;侷促不安的
- 詞義:因尷尬、害羞或自慚而侷促(本章魁魁格 looked no ways abashed「一點也不顯得忸怩」)。常見否定用法 unabashed「毫不羞慚的」。
- 例句:She felt abashed by all the praise.(滿堂讚譽讓她侷促起來。)/ He was unabashed by his mistake.(他對自己的錯誤毫不在意。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:古法語 esbahir「使驚愕」。日常實用度 ★★★☆☆(unabashed 更常見)。
- 同義詞常用度:embarrassed(90%)| sheepish(60%,不好意思的)| disconcerted(50%,慌亂的)| flustered(65%)。
- 詞性變化:abash(v.,幾乎只用被動)/ unabashed(adj. 不羞慚的)/ unabashedly(adv.)。
13appellativeKK [əˈpɛlətɪv](n.)稱呼;名稱;稱號|(adj.)稱呼用的
- 詞義:本章指法勒對魁魁格名字的「稱呼」(把 Queequeg 叫成 Quohog 的錯誤)。語言學上指「普通名詞/稱呼語」。
- 例句:“Honest Abe” was a fond appellative for Lincoln.(「誠實的阿伯」是對林肯的暱稱。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:拉丁 appellare「稱呼」(同源 appeal、appellation)。日常實用度 ★☆☆☆☆(文雅/語言學)。
- 同義詞常用度:appellation(40%,名稱/稱號,較常用)| designation(60%)| title(90%)| name(98%)。
- 詞性變化:appellation(n.)/ appeal(v. 呼籲/上訴,同源)。
14tractKK [trækt](n.)①(宗教/政治)小冊子;②大片土地;③(解剖)道、束
- 詞義:本章 a bundle of tracts 指「宗教宣傳小冊」(Bildad 塞給魁魁格的勸世小書)。另二義:a tract of land「一片土地」、digestive tract「消化道」。
- 例句:They handed out religious tracts on the street.(他們在街上發宗教小冊。)/ a vast tract of forest(一大片森林)。
- 詞源 × 實用度:拉丁 tractus「拉伸、延展」。日常實用度 ★★★☆☆(土地/解剖義常見)。
- 同義詞常用度:(小冊義)pamphlet(75%)| leaflet(70%)| booklet(65%)| (土地義)expanse(55%)| stretch(80%)。
- 詞性變化:無常見動詞衍生(注意與 tractable「易駕馭的」、traction 不同源義)。
15beseechKK [bɪˈsitʃ](v.)懇求;哀求
- 詞義:迫切而謙卑地請求(本章 I beseech thee「我懇求汝」),語氣比 ask 強烈、莊重,多見於文學/宗教。
- 例句:I beseech you to reconsider.(我懇求你重新考慮。)/ a beseeching look(一個哀求的眼神)。
- 詞源 × 實用度:古英語 besēcan「迫切尋求」。日常實用度 ★★☆☆☆(文雅/書面)。
- 同義詞常用度:implore(55%)| plead(70%)| entreat(35%)| beg(85%,口語)。
- 詞性變化:beseeching(adj. 哀求的)/ beseechingly(adv.)。動詞時態:beseech-besought/beseeched-besought/beseeched。
16spurnKK [spɝn](v.)(輕蔑地)拒絕;摒棄;唾棄
- 詞義:帶著鄙夷拒絕或摒棄(本章 Spurn the idol「棄絕那偶像」),含「不屑一顧」的強烈情緒。
- 例句:She spurned his offer of help.(她不屑地拒絕了他的幫助。)/ a spurned lover(一個被無情拋棄的戀人)。
- 詞源 × 實用度:古英語 spurnan「用腳踢開」。日常實用度 ★★★☆☆(文學/情感色彩)。
- 同義詞常用度:reject(90%)| rebuff(45%,回絕)| disdain(50%,鄙棄)| scorn(60%,輕蔑)。
- 詞性變化:spurned(adj.)。動詞時態:spurn-spurned-spurned。
17prateKK [pret](v.)喋喋不休;瞎扯;空談
- 詞義:說個沒完、淨講廢話(本章 Bildad 斥法勒 prate in this ungodly guise「擺出這副不敬神的樣子胡言亂語」),貶義。
- 例句:He prated on about his achievements.(他喋喋不休地吹噓自己的成就。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:中古荷蘭/低地德語 praten「閒談」。日常實用度 ★☆☆☆☆(文雅/罕用)。
- 同義詞常用度:prattle(45%,叨叨)| blather(40%,胡扯)| babble(65%,咿呀亂語)| ramble(70%,東拉西扯)。
- 詞性變化:prating(n./adj.)。動詞時態:prate-prated-prated。
18belieKK [bɪˈlaɪ](v.)掩飾;與…不符;證明…是假的
- 詞義:本章 Thou beliest thine own heart「汝這是違背汝自己的良心」——表面所說與內心真實相矛盾。常用義:①外表掩飾真相(her smile belied her grief);②與某事相牴觸。
- 例句:His calm voice belied his nervousness.(他平靜的嗓音掩蓋了他的緊張。)/ The facts belie his claim.(事實證明他的說法不實。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:be-(使)+ lie(說謊)。日常實用度 ★★★☆☆(書面常見,易誤用)。
- 同義詞常用度:contradict(80%,牴觸)| misrepresent(55%,歪曲)| disguise(70%,掩飾)| mask(75%)。
- 詞性變化:belying(現在分詞)。動詞時態:belie-belied-belied(注意 belying 拼寫)。
19jury-mastKK [ˈdʒʊrɪ mæst](n.)(航海)應急桅;臨時代用桅
- 詞義:原桅折斷後,水手用備材臨時架起的代用桅(本章颱風後 rig jury-masts「架起應急桅」)。jury- 在航海語中=「臨時湊合的」(jury-rig 臨時拼裝)。
- 例句:They rigged a jury-mast to limp into port.(他們架起應急桅,勉強駛進港口。)
- 詞源 × 實用度:jury 此處與「陪審團」無關,可能源自古法語 ajurie「援助」。日常實用度 ★☆☆☆☆(航海專詞);但 jury-rig / jerry-rig「臨時拼湊」在口語常見。
- 同義詞常用度:makeshift mast(60%,臨時桅)| temporary mast(70%)| (動詞)jury-rig(55%)。
- 詞性變化:jury-rig(v. 臨時拼裝)/ jury-rigged(adj.)。
20片語/典故to go to Davy Jones(葬身海底)& steer clear of(避開)
- Davy Jones / Davy Jones's locker:水手俚語,「戴維·瓊斯的箱底」=海底、溺死水手的葬身之處。go to Davy Jones=「淹死、沉入海底」(本章 went to Davy Jones)。Davy Jones 被擬人化為掌管海難亡魂的海中惡魔。
- 例句:Many a good ship has gone to Davy Jones's locker.(多少好船都沉進了海底。)
- steer clear of:航海比喻——「把舵打開、繞過危險」,引申為「避開、遠離」(本章 steer clear of the fiery pit「躲開那烈火之坑」)。
- 例句:Steer clear of him when he's angry.(他生氣時離他遠點。)
- 同義詞常用度:avoid(95%)| stay away from(90%)| keep clear of(70%)| give a wide berth(40%,亦航海比喻)。
- 實用度:steer clear of ★★★★☆(口語高頻);Davy Jones ★★☆☆☆(文化典故詞)。兩者都是「航海語進入日常」的典型。