🏛️ 典故與文化背景
「拉結為兒女哭泣」的聖經典故
船名「Rachel(拉結)」與全章結尾一句「She was Rachel, weeping for her children, because they were not」直接化用聖經。語出《耶利米書》31:15:「在拉瑪聽見號咷痛哭的聲音,是拉結哭她兒女,不肯受安慰,因為他們都不在了。」《馬太福音》2:18 又引此句,描述希律王屠殺伯利恆嬰孩(與本章前面〈救生浮筒〉提到的「希律所殺的無辜嬰孩」呼應)。拉結是雅各深愛的妻子、約瑟與便雅憫之母,《創世記》載她難產而死——她在猶太傳統中是「為流亡子民哀哭的母親」原型。梅爾維爾以此為一艘失去孩子的船命名,把一樁海上慘劇提升為人類亙古喪子之痛的縮影。
會船(gam)主題的悲劇高潮
《白鯨記》中裴廓德號先後與九艘船「會船」,每一次都像一面鏡子,從不同角度映照亞哈的偏執。拉結號是倒數第二艘,也是情感最沉痛的一次——前面幾艘多談論白鯨的傳聞與傷害,這一艘卻把衝突推到最赤裸的人倫層面:一位父親跪求另一位父親,動用「將心比心」「你也有兒子」「看在上帝份上」一切人性籌碼,而亞哈仍斷然拒絕。會船至此,亞哈為復仇可以犧牲的,已不只是自己與全船,更包括最基本的惻隱之心。
「鐵砧」與亞哈的非人化
亞哈被喻為「像一塊鐵砧般立著,承受每一記敲擊,自身卻沒有絲毫顫動」。這個意象延續了全書把亞哈與「鐵、鋼、火」綁定的金屬譜系(重新磁化的鋼針、鍛造的魚叉、火焰崇拜)。鐵砧不會被錘打改變形狀——它正是「承受一切而不為所動」的硬物。梅爾維爾用它點出亞哈此刻的可怖:他並非聽不見嘉迪納的哀求,而是已把自己鍛成一件不再能被人情軟化的器物。連他自己也說「願我能原諒我自己」——他知道這是錯的,卻仍選擇復仇,這份清醒中的冷酷,比單純的麻木更令人心寒。
南塔克特的「狠心父愛」
本章插敘了南塔克特捕鯨世家的育子傳統——父親會把十二歲的幼子早早帶上海,甚至特意送到「別人的船」上跑三四年遠航,好讓孩子對捕鯨生涯的初識「不被父親天性中那份不合時宜的偏愛與過度憂慮所軟化」。這既解釋了為何嘉迪納的兩個兒子都在海上遇險,也勾勒出捕鯨文化的殘酷底色:在這個把出海當作「整個族裔亙古宿命」的社群裡,父愛被鍛造成一種「懇切卻毫不遲疑的剛硬(earnest but unmisgiving hardihood)」。嘉迪納正是這傳統的產物——可當失去真的降臨,再剛硬的傳統也擋不住一個父親崩潰的哭求。這層反襯,讓亞哈的拒絕顯得更加冷酷:他拒絕的,是一個被自己文化逼到絕境的同類。
結局的伏筆:拉結將救起以實瑪利
本章的拒絕還埋著全書最大的結構伏筆。在小說最後,裴廓德號被莫比敵撞沉、全員罹難,唯獨以實瑪利攀著魁魁格的「棺材浮筒」在海上漂流——而最終循聲趕來、把他從海中救起的,正是這艘仍在「尋找失蹤兒女」的拉結號。亞哈拒絕為他人尋子,而那艘哭泣尋子的船,最終卻「尋回」了另一個「孤兒」(以實瑪利全書自喻為漂泊的以實瑪利——聖經中夏甲所生、被逐入曠野之子)。施與受、拒絕與救贖,在結局形成一個沉痛而圓滿的閉環:亞哈關上的那扇門,成了以實瑪利得救的那扇門。
📖 導讀
次日,一艘桅上密密爬滿人的大船拉結號(Rachel)迎面駛來。亞哈劈頭就問「見過白鯨嗎?」對方答「昨天見過」,反問「可曾見過一艘漂流的捕鯨小艇?」原來前一日傍晚,拉結號放下的第四艘小艇追上了突然現身的莫比敵、似乎已刺中牠,卻在一道白浪閃過後音訊全無;母船忙著先撈回上風的三艘艇,待回頭去尋第四艘時,遍尋整夜不見蹤影。拉結號船長嘉迪納(Gardiner)登船,懇求裴廓德號加入搜索——兩船相隔四五哩平行掃海。斯塔布起先以為他是急著討回失落的什麼值錢物,直到船長崩潰喊出「我的孩子,我親生的兒子就在那艇上」。更悲的是,他另有一個兒子也在當夜走散的另一艇(後獲救),而仍失蹤的,是個才十二歲的小兒——南塔克特人狠心而深情的傳統,讓父親早早帶幼子出海歷練。嘉迪納以「將心比心、你也有個兒子」苦苦哀求,願重金包船四十八小時。但亞哈像一塊鐵砧,任他千錘百擊紋絲不動,最終冷冷拒絕:「嘉迪納船長,我不會去。我連此刻都在損失時間。再會,願上帝保佑你,願我能原諒自己,可我必須走。」他轉身下艙。拉結號只得獨自離去,沿途見著海上任何小黑點便折來折去地搜尋——這艘為孩子哭泣的船,終究得不到一絲慰藉。她是拉結,為兒女哭泣,不肯受安慰,因為他們都不在了。
重點
- 全書倒數第二艘「會船」(gam),也是情感最沉痛的一次:一位父親跪求另一位父親救自己的孩子,被斷然拒絕——亞哈的偏執在此被推到最不近人情的極點。
- 拉結號為尋子而來,裴廓德號卻只關心白鯨下落:兩船的航向對撞,正是「父愛」與「復仇執念」兩種驅力的正面衝突。
- 亞哈被喻為「鐵砧」——任憑嘉迪納以人倫、宗教、將心比心千錘百擊,他紋絲不動。他甚至明知自己也有個幼子在家,仍選擇復仇而非惻隱。
- 結尾的聖經典故「拉結為兒女哭泣,因為他們都不在了」(耶利米書/馬太福音)為全章定調,也預告:這艘哭泣的船,將在小說結局成為救起以實瑪利的那艘船。
📕 中英對照
Next day, a large ship, the Rachel, was descried, bearing directly down upon the Pequod, all her spars thickly clustering with men. At the time the Pequod was making good speed through the water; but as the broad-winged windward stranger shot nigh to her, the boastful sails all fell together as blank bladders that are burst, and all life fled from the smitten hull.
次日,望見一艘大船拉結號,正迎面直朝裴廓德號駛來,她的桅桁上密密麻麻爬滿了人。當時裴廓德號正破浪疾行;可當那艘張著寬大羽翼、佔著上風的陌生船疾射到她近旁時,那些原本神氣的帆突然一齊垮下,像被戳破的空癟膀胱,整艘被攔住的船彷彿一下子沒了生氣。
“Bad news; she brings bad news,” muttered the old Manxman. But ere her commander, who, with trumpet to mouth, stood up in his boat; ere he could hopefully hail, Ahab’s voice was heard. / “Hast seen the White Whale?” / “Aye, yesterday. Have ye seen a whale-boat adrift?”
「壞消息;她帶來的是壞消息,」老曼島人咕噥道。可不等對方那位船長——他正把喇叭筒湊到嘴邊、站在自己的小艇上——不等他滿懷期望地喊話,就先聽見了亞哈的聲音。/「見過那條白鯨嗎?」/「見過,昨天。你們可曾見過一艘漂流的捕鯨小艇?」
Throttling his joy, Ahab negatively answered this unexpected question; and would then have fain boarded the stranger... Immediately he was recognised by Ahab for a Nantucketer he knew. But no formal salutation was exchanged. “Where was he?—not killed!—not killed!” cried Ahab, closely advancing. “How was it?”
亞哈強壓住心頭的狂喜,對這意外的問題給了否定的回答;隨即便想登上那陌生船,這時對方船長已親自停住船、從船舷側邊攀了下來……亞哈立刻認出他是個相識的南塔克特人。可雙方並未交換任何正式的寒暄。「牠在哪兒?——沒被殺死吧!——沒被殺死吧!」亞哈逼近著喊道。「當時是怎麼回事?」
It seemed that somewhat late on the afternoon of the day previous, while three of the stranger’s boats were engaged with a shoal of whales... the white hump and head of Moby Dick had suddenly loomed up out of the water, not very far to leeward; whereupon, the fourth rigged boat—a reserved one—had been instantly lowered in chase. After a keen sail before the wind, this fourth boat... seemed to have succeeded in fastening... In the distance he saw the diminished dotted boat; and then a swift gleam of bubbling white water; and after that nothing more... darkness came on; and forced to pick up her three far to windward boats... the ship had not only been necessitated to leave that boat to its fate till near midnight, but, for the time, to increase her distance from it. But the rest of her crew being at last safe aboard, she crowded all sail—stunsail on stunsail—after the missing boat; kindling a fire in her try-pots for a beacon... yet not the least glimpse of the missing keel had been seen.
原來,前一天午後稍晚,那陌生船有三艘小艇正纏著一群鯨——那群鯨把牠們引離母船約莫四五哩;正當牠們順風急追時,莫比敵那白色的背峰與頭顱,突然從水裡冒了出來,就在不遠的下風處;於是,那艘備用的第四號小艇立刻被放下去追。順風疾駛一程後,這第四艘艇——龍骨最快的一艘——似乎已成功刺中了鯨——至少,桅頂上的人能看清的就這麼多。他遠遠望見那艘縮成小點的艇;接著是一道翻騰白水的疾閃;再之後,便什麼都沒有了……天黑了下來;母船不得不先去撈回遠在上風處的那三艘艇——再掉頭往正相反的方向去尋第四艘——這一來,不僅被迫把那艘艇丟給命運直到近午夜,當下還反倒拉開了與它的距離。可待其餘船員終於都安全上船後,她便扯滿了帆——副帆加副帆——朝那失蹤的小艇追去;在煉油鍋裡生起一堆火當作信標……卻連那失蹤龍骨的一絲影子都沒能瞧見。
The story told, the stranger Captain immediately went on to reveal his object in boarding the Pequod. He desired that ship to unite with his own in the search; by sailing over the sea some four or five miles apart, on parallel lines, and so sweeping a double horizon, as it were.
說完這段經過,那陌生船長立刻接著道出他登上裴廓德號的來意。他懇請這艘船與他自己的船聯手搜索;兩船相隔約四五哩、循平行的航線在海上行駛,這樣便能像掃過一道雙倍寬的水平線一般,把海面搜遍。
“I will wager something now,” whispered Stubb to Flask, “that some one in that missing boat wore off that Captain’s best coat; mayhap, his watch—he’s so cursed anxious to get it back. Who ever heard of two pious whale-ships cruising after one missing whale-boat in the height of the whaling season? See, Flask, only see how pale he looks—pale in the very buttons of his eyes—look—it wasn’t the coat—it must have been the—”
「我這就跟你打個賭,」斯塔布湊近弗拉斯克低聲道,「那失蹤艇上準有誰,穿走了那船長最好的一件外套;說不定,還有他的懷錶——他這麼火急火燎地想要回來。誰聽說過捕鯨旺季正盛時,兩艘虔誠的捕鯨船會去滿海找一艘失蹤的小艇?瞧,弗拉斯克,你瞧他臉色多蒼白——連他眼珠子那兩顆鈕釦似的,都白了——你瞧——不是為了外套——準是為了那——」
“My boy, my own boy is among them. For God’s sake—I beg, I conjure”—here exclaimed the stranger Captain to Ahab, who thus far had but icily received his petition. “For eight-and-forty hours let me charter your ship—I will gladly pay for it, and roundly pay for it—if there be no other way—for eight-and-forty hours only—only that—you must, oh, you must, and you shall do this thing.”
「我的孩子,我親生的兒子就在他們當中。看在上帝份上——我求你,我懇求你——」那陌生船長朝亞哈這樣喊出聲來,而亞哈至此仍只是冷冰冰地聽著他的請求。「就借我用你的船四十八個鐘頭——我願意付錢,而且付一大筆——若是再沒別的法子——只要四十八個鐘頭——只要這麼點——你一定得答應,哦,你一定得答應,你也一定會答應我這件事。」
“His son!” cried Stubb, “oh, it’s his son he’s lost! I take back the coat and watch—what says Ahab? We must save that boy.” / “He’s drowned with the rest on ’em, last night,” said the old Manx sailor standing behind them; “I heard; all of ye heard their spirits.”
「他的兒子!」斯塔布喊道,「哦,他丟的是他兒子啊!外套和懷錶的話我收回——亞哈怎麼說?我們得救那孩子。」/「他昨晚跟其他人一道淹死了,」站在他們身後的老曼島水手說;「我聽見了;你們所有人也都聽見了他們的魂。」
...not only was one of the Captain’s sons among the number of the missing boat’s crew; but among the number of the other boat’s crews... there had been still another son... only solved for him by his chief mate’s instinctively adopting the ordinary procedure of a whale-ship in such emergencies... always to pick up the majority first. But the captain... not till forced to it by Ahab’s iciness did he allude to his one yet missing boy; a little lad, but twelve years old, whose father with the earnest but unmisgiving hardihood of a Nantucketer’s paternal love, had thus early sought to initiate him in the perils and wonders of a vocation almost immemorially the destiny of all his race. Nor does it unfrequently occur, that Nantucket captains will send a son of such tender age away... for a protracted three or four years’ voyage in some other ship than their own.
……不僅這船長的一個兒子在那失蹤艇的船員之列;同時,在另一艘艇的船員當中——卻又在另一頭、於追獵的黑暗變故裡與母船走散了——還有他的另一個兒子……這難題之所以能解開,全靠他的大副本能地採取了捕鯨船在這類緊急關頭的慣常做法,也就是——當被夾在兩艘都遇險卻又分散兩處的艇之間時,永遠先去撈人多的那一艘。可這船長……直到被亞哈的冷漠逼得沒法,才提起他那個仍然失蹤的孩子;一個小男孩,才十二歲,他的父親本著南塔克特人父愛裡那份懇切卻毫不遲疑的剛硬,這麼早就要讓他見識這門營生的凶險與奇景——這營生,幾乎自亙古以來就是他們整個族裔的宿命。而南塔克特的船長把這般稚齡的兒子送走、讓他在別人的船上、而非自己的船上,去跑一趟長達三四年的航程,這種事也並不少見。
Meantime, now the stranger was still beseeching his poor boon of Ahab; and Ahab still stood like an anvil, receiving every shock, but without the least quivering of his own. “I will not go,” said the stranger, “till you say aye to me. Do to me as you would have me do to you in the like case. For you too have a boy, Captain Ahab—though but a child, and nestling safely at home now—a child of your old age too—Yes, yes, you relent; I see it—run, run, men, now, and stand by to square in the yards.”
與此同時,那陌生人仍在向亞哈苦苦哀求他這點可憐的恩典;而亞哈依舊像一塊鐵砧般立著,承受著每一記敲擊,自身卻沒有絲毫顫動。「我不走,」那陌生人說,「除非你對我說一聲『好』。將心比心,換作是你,你會希望我怎麼待你,你就怎麼待我。因為你也有個兒子啊,亞哈船長——雖說還只是個孩子,此刻正安穩地依偎在家裡——還是你晚年得的孩子——是了,是了,你心軟了;我看出來了——快,快,弟兄們,這就過去,準備把帆桁擺正!」
“Avast,” cried Ahab—“touch not a rope-yarn”; then in a voice that prolongingly moulded every word—“Captain Gardiner, I will not do it. Even now I lose time. Good-bye, good-bye. God bless ye, man, and may I forgive myself, but I must go. Mr. Starbuck, look at the binnacle watch, and in three minutes from this present instant warn off all strangers: then brace forward again, and let the ship sail as before.”
「住手,」亞哈喝道——「一根繩股都別碰」;接著用一種把每個字都拖長、慢慢塑出的嗓音說——「嘉迪納船長,我不會去做這件事。我連此刻都在損失時間。再會,再會。願上帝保佑你,老兄,也願我能原諒我自己,可我必須走。斯塔巴克先生,看一眼羅盤櫃上的錶,從此刻起三分鐘內,把所有外人請離本船:然後重新把帆桁朝前撐正,讓船照先前那樣航行。」
Hurriedly turning, with averted face, he descended into his cabin, leaving the strange captain transfixed at this unconditional and utter rejection of his so earnest suit. But starting from his enchantment, Gardiner silently hurried to the side; more fell than stepped into his boat, and returned to his ship.
他匆匆轉身、別過臉去,下到自己的艙裡,留下那陌生船長對著這毫無條件、徹底決絕的拒絕——對他如此懇切的請求的拒絕——呆若木雞。可嘉迪納終於從這恍惚中驚醒,默默地急步走到船舷邊;與其說是跨、不如說是跌進自己的小艇,回他的船去了。
Soon the two ships diverged their wakes; and long as the strange vessel was in view, she was seen to yaw hither and thither at every dark spot, however small, on the sea... while all the while, her masts and yards were thickly clustered with men, as three tall cherry trees, when the boys are cherrying among the boughs. But by her still halting course and winding, woeful way, you plainly saw that this ship that so wept with spray, still remained without comfort. She was Rachel, weeping for her children, because they were not.
不久,兩船的航跡便岔開了;而只要那陌生船還在視野之內,便見她朝海面上每一個黑點——無論多小——東偏西拐地搜尋著……始終地,她的桅桁上密密爬滿了人,活像三棵高高的櫻桃樹,孩子們正在枝椏間採著櫻桃。可從她那仍舊踟躕的航向、那蜿蜒迂迴、悲苦的去路,你分明看得出:這艘被浪花澆得彷彿在哭泣的船,依然得不到一絲慰藉。她是拉結,為她的兒女哭泣,因為他們都不在了。
📚 艱深單字/片語/句型
1bladder/ˈblædər/(名)膀胱;(可充氣的)囊、氣囊。本章喻癟下的帆如「戳破的空膀胱」。
- 詞義:(名)膀胱;(可充氣的)囊、氣囊。本章喻癟下的帆如「戳破的空膀胱」。
- 例句:The sails fell like blank bladders that are burst.
- 詞源 × 實用度:古英語 blǣdre。★★★☆☆ 解剖(膀胱)與球類內膽(air bladder)常用。
- 同義詞:sac(55%)、pouch(45%)、(魚)swim bladder(鰾)。
- 詞性變化:bladder(n.)。
2throttle/ˈθrɒtl/(動)扼住、勒住、抑制(情緒);(名)節流閥、油門。
- 詞義:(動)扼住、勒住、抑制(情緒);(名)節流閥、油門。
- 例句:Throttling his joy, Ahab answered no.
- 詞源 × 實用度:與 throat(喉)相關。★★★★☆ 「掐住/抑制」與「油門」(full throttle 全速)皆常用。
- 同義詞:strangle(60%)、stifle(60%,抑制)、choke(55%)。
- 詞性變化:throttle(v./n.)、throttling(n.)。
3shoal/ʃoʊl/(名)①魚/鯨群;②淺灘、沙洲。(形)淺的。
- 詞義:(名)①魚/鯨群;②淺灘、沙洲。(形)淺的。
- 例句:Three boats were engaged with a shoal of whales.
- 詞源 × 實用度:古英語 scolu(群)/ sceald(淺)。★★★☆☆ 魚群與淺灘雙義皆用,航海警語 shoal water。
- 同義詞:(群) school(70%);(淺灘) sandbar(55%)、shallows(55%)。
- 詞性變化:shoal(n./adj./v.)。
4loom/luːm/(動)(龐然之物)隱隱浮現、逼近;(威脅)籠罩在即。(名)織布機。
- 詞義:(動)(龐然之物)隱隱浮現、逼近;(威脅)籠罩在即。(名)織布機。
- 例句:The white head of Moby Dick loomed up out of the water.
- 詞源 × 實用度:詞源不明。★★★★☆ 「赫然顯現」與比喻(danger looms)極常用。
- 同義詞:emerge(55%)、appear(50%)、(威脅) impend(45%)。
- 詞性變化:loom(v./n.)、looming(adj.,逼近的)。
5studding-sail/ˈstʌnsl/(名,讀作 stunsail)副帆、翼帆——順風時加掛在主帆兩側橫桁外端、用以增速的輔助帆。
- 詞義:(名,讀作 stunsail)副帆、翼帆——順風時加掛在主帆兩側橫桁外端、用以增速的輔助帆。
- 例句:She crowded all sail—stunsail on stunsail—after the boat.
- 詞源 × 實用度:studding + sail。★☆☆☆☆ 帆船專詞;「stunsail on stunsail」=層層加帆極速追趕。
- 同義詞:stunsail(95%,俗拼)、auxiliary sail(45%)。
- 詞性變化:studding-sail/stunsail(n.)。
6beacon/ˈbiːkən/(名)信標、烽火、燈塔之光;引申「指引/希望的象徵」。(動)照引。
- 詞義:(名)信標、烽火、燈塔之光;引申「指引/希望的象徵」。(動)照引。
- 例句:They kindled a fire in the try-pots for a beacon.
- 詞源 × 實用度:古英語 bēacn。★★★★☆ 實指(航標燈)與比喻(a beacon of hope)皆常用。
- 同義詞:signal-fire(55%)、lighthouse(45%)、(比喻) guiding light(50%)。
- 詞性變化:beacon(n./v.)。
7conjure/ˈkʌndʒər/(動)①懇求、央求(莊重語);②變魔術、召喚(conjure up)。
- 詞義:(動)①懇求、央求(莊重語);②變魔術、召喚(conjure up)。
- 例句:“I beg, I conjure!” the father cried to Ahab.
- 詞源 × 實用度:拉丁 conjurare「共同起誓」。★★★☆☆ 「懇求」義略古;「變出/喚起」(conjure up memories)日常常用。
- 同義詞:(懇求) implore(65%)、beseech(60%);(召喚) summon(55%)。
- 詞性變化:conjure(v.)、conjurer(魔術師)、conjuration(n.)。
8suit/suːt/(名)此處=請求、懇求、求情(亦指求愛 pay suit)。(另常義:西裝;訴訟;花色。)
- 詞義:(名)此處=請求、懇求、求情(亦指求愛 pay suit)。(另常義:西裝;訴訟;花色。)
- 例句:Gardiner stood transfixed at the rejection of his earnest suit.
- 詞源 × 實用度:古法語 sieute。★★★☆☆ 「懇求/求愛」義略文雅;多義詞看語境(lawsuit, follow suit)。
- 同義詞:(請求) plea(60%)、petition(55%)、appeal(55%)。
- 詞性變化:suit(n./v.)、suitor(求婚者;請求者)、suitable(adj.)。
9anvil/ˈænvɪl/(名)鐵砧——鍛工錘打金屬所墊的鐵塊。本章喻亞哈任打不動。
- 詞義:(名)鐵砧——鍛工錘打金屬所墊的鐵塊。本章喻亞哈任打不動。
- 例句:Ahab stood like an anvil, receiving every shock.
- 詞源 × 實用度:古英語 anfilte。★★★☆☆ 鍛造常用;比喻「砧上受錘」表逆境受壓。
- 同義詞:(無近義,專物)。
- 詞性變化:anvil(n.)。
10beseech/bɪˈsiːtʃ/(動)懇求、哀求(莊重、迫切)。
- 詞義:(動)懇求、哀求(莊重、迫切)。
- 例句:The stranger kept beseeching his poor boon of Ahab.
- 詞源 × 實用度:be- + 古英語 sēcan(尋求)。★★★☆☆ 文學/正式哀求常用;過去式 besought/beseeched。
- 同義詞:implore(70%)、entreat(65%)、plead(60%)。
- 詞性變化:beseech(v.)、besought(過去式)、beseeching(adj.,懇求的)。
11boon/buːn/(名)恩惠、好處、(求得的)恩典;(形,boon companion)親密的。
- 詞義:(名)恩惠、好處、(求得的)恩典;(形,boon companion)親密的。
- 例句:He begged this poor boon—forty-eight hours of help.
- 詞源 × 實用度:古諾斯語 bón「請求」。★★★☆☆ 「恩惠/福祉」(a boon to mankind)常用。
- 同義詞:blessing(65%)、benefit(60%)、favor(55%)。
- 詞性變化:boon(n./adj.)。
12avast/əˈvæst/(感嘆,航海)停住!住手!別動!
- 詞義:(感嘆,航海)停住!住手!別動!
- 例句:“Avast! touch not a rope-yarn,” cried Ahab.
- 詞源 × 實用度:或源荷蘭語 hou vast「抓牢」。★☆☆☆☆ 航海口令;今多見於海盜戲仿。
- 同義詞:stop(60%)、hold(55%)、belay(45%,航海「住手」)。
- 詞性變化:—(感嘆詞)。
13yaw/jɔː/(動/名)(船/機)偏航、左右擺首——繞垂直軸偏離航向地搖擺。
- 詞義:(動/名)(船/機)偏航、左右擺首——繞垂直軸偏離航向地搖擺。
- 例句:She was seen to yaw hither and thither at every dark spot.
- 詞源 × 實用度:詞源不明。★★☆☆☆ 航海/航空(與 pitch 俯仰、roll 橫滾並列三軸)術語。
- 同義詞:swerve(55%)、veer(55%)、deviate(45%)。
- 詞性變化:yaw(v./n.)。
14tack/tæk/(動)(帆船)搶風換舷、之字形迎風行駛;(名)航段;(改變)方針(a new tack)。
- 詞義:(動)(帆船)搶風換舷、之字形迎風行駛;(名)航段;(改變)方針(a new tack)。
- 例句:Starboard and larboard, she continued to tack.
- 詞源 × 實用度:古法語 tache。★★★☆☆ 航海與比喻(try a different tack 換個路數)常用。
- 同義詞:(航行) beat(50%)、zigzag(50%);(方針) approach(55%)。
- 詞性變化:tack(v./n.)、tacking(n.)。
15larboard/ˈlɑːrbɔːrd/(名/形)(舊稱)左舷(今多用 port,避免與 starboard 混音)。
- 詞義:(名/形)(舊稱)左舷(今多用 port,避免與 starboard 混音)。
- 例句:Starboard and larboard, the Rachel tacked in her grief.
- 詞源 × 實用度:古英語 ladde-bord。★☆☆☆☆ 已被 port 取代;讀古航海文獻才遇。
- 同義詞:port(90%,現代)。反義 starboard(右舷)。
- 詞性變化:larboard(n./adj.)。
16diverge/daɪˈvɜːrdʒ/(動)分岔、分離、漸行漸遠;(意見)分歧。
- 詞義:(動)分岔、分離、漸行漸遠;(意見)分歧。
- 例句:Soon the two ships diverged their wakes.
- 詞源 × 實用度:拉丁 divergere。★★★★☆ 路徑/數學/觀點分歧(views diverge)皆常用。
- 同義詞:separate(65%)、branch off(55%)、differ(55%)。反義 converge。
- 詞性變化:diverge(v.)、divergence(n.)、divergent(adj.)。
17relent/rɪˈlɛnt/(動)(態度)軟化、心軟讓步;(風雨)減弱。
- 詞義:(動)(態度)軟化、心軟讓步;(風雨)減弱。
- 例句:“Yes, yes, you relent; I see it!” cried Gardiner.
- 詞源 × 實用度:拉丁 re- + lentus(柔軟)。★★★★☆ 「終於心軟/鬆口」常用;relentless(不留情的)更高頻。
- 同義詞:yield(65%)、soften(60%)、give in(60%)。
- 詞性變化:relent(v.)、relenting(adj.)、relentless(adj.,無情的)。
18hardihood/ˈhɑːrdihʊd/(名)剛毅、無畏的膽魄;(有時)魯莽大膽。
- 詞義:(名)剛毅、無畏的膽魄;(有時)魯莽大膽。
- 例句:With the hardihood of a Nantucketer’s love, he took his son to sea.
- 詞源 × 實用度:hardy(堅韌)+ -hood。★★☆☆☆ 文雅,讚膽識或斥放肆皆可。
- 同義詞:boldness(65%)、fortitude(55%)、audacity(50%)。
- 詞性變化:hardy(adj.)、hardihood(n.)、hardiness(n.)。
19protracted/prəˈtræktɪd/(形)拖長的、曠日持久的。
- 詞義:(形)拖長的、曠日持久的。
- 例句:A protracted three or four years’ voyage awaited the boy.
- 詞源 × 實用度:拉丁 protrahere「向前拖」。★★★★☆ 形容久拖不決(protracted negotiations)常用。
- 同義詞:prolonged(75%)、extended(65%)、drawn-out(60%)。
- 詞性變化:protract(v.)、protracted(adj.)、protraction(n.)。
20immemorial/ˌɪməˈmɔːriəl/(形)遠古的、久遠到無從追憶的(常 time immemorial)。(原文 immemo…
- 詞義:(形)遠古的、久遠到無從追憶的(常 time immemorial)。(原文 immemorially。)
- 例句:Whaling was almost immemorially the destiny of his race.
- 詞源 × 實用度:im-(不)+ memorial(記憶的)。★★★☆☆ from time immemorial(自亙古以來)為固定語。
- 同義詞:ancient(60%)、age-old(60%)、timeless(45%)。
- 詞性變化:immemorial(adj.)、immemorially(adv.)。